Lobbying › Organizations

AT & T

Registered on 158 bills since the 88th General Assembly.

53
supported · 38 became law (72%)
12
opposed · 0 became law anyway (0%)
93
undecided
5
lobbyists

What it paid lobbyists

  • July 2025 – June 2026$48,000
    LS2 Group $15,000 · Jeffrey Boeyink · BRITTANY LUMLEY · Mark Joyce $13,000 · Dustin Blythe $20,000 · filed June 29, 2026
  • July 2024 – June 2025$63,000
    LS2 Group $15,000 · Jeff Beoyink · BRITTANY LUMLEY · Dustin Blythe $35,000 · Mark Joyce $13,000 · filed June 30, 2025
  • July 2023 – June 2024$63,000
    LS2 Group $15,000 · Jeffrey Boeyink · BRITTANY LUMLEY · Dustin Blythe $35,000 · Mark Joyce $13,000 · filed June 27, 2024
  • July 2022 – June 2023$60,000
    LS2 Group $14,000 · Jeffrey Boeyink · BRITTANY LUMLEY · Dustin Blythe $34,000 · Mark Joyce $12,000 · filed July 6, 2023
  • July 2021 – June 2022$168,000
    LS2Group $14,000 · Jeffrey Boeyink · BRITTANY LUMLEY · Dustin Blythe $34,000 · Mark Joyce $120,000 · filed July 15, 2022
  • July 2020 – June 2021$59,000
    LS2 Group $14,000 · Jeffrey Boeyink · BRITTANY LUMLEY · Dustin Blythe $33,000 · Mark Joyce $12,000 · filed July 7, 2021
  • July 2019 – June 2020$59,000
    LS2 Group $14,000 · Jeff Boeyink · Brittany Lumley · Dustin Blythe $33,000 · Mark Joyce $12,000 · filed July 2, 2020

From client reports filed with the Legislature each July. Every organization →

Bills, newest first

  • SF 2380 Relating to abusive litigation alleging internet site accessibility violations, and including applic…
    91st GA · declared March 2, 2026 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 2458 Relating to public safety answering points, including limitations, property tax allocation, service …
    91st GA · declared March 2, 2026 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SSB 3174 Relating to abusive litigation alleging internet site accessibility violations, and including applic…
    91st GA · declared February 17, 2026 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2274 Requiring persons who operate certain internet sites, applications, or a segment of an internet site…
    91st GA · declared February 16, 2026 · Renumbered as HF 2606
    Undecided
  • SF 2022 Relating to emergency telephone systems, including the amount and allocation of the emergency commun…
    91st GA · declared January 15, 2026 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 2023 Relating to reimbursement for costs related to the delivery of 911 call traffic to public safety ans…
    91st GA · declared January 15, 2026 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 636 Relating to the sales tax exemption for the purchase of central office equipment or transmission equ…
    91st GA · declared April 26, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HSB 332 Relating to emergency telephone systems including next generation 911 systems and public safety answ…
    91st GA · declared April 23, 2025 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SSB 1209 Relating to the sales tax exemption for the purchase of central office equipment or transmission equ…
    91st GA · declared April 21, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 951 Relating to E911 system repair and replacement, making appropriations, and including effective date …
    91st GA · declared March 17, 2025 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 960 Relating to the sales tax exemption for the purchase of central office equipment or transmission equ…
    91st GA · declared March 17, 2025 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • HF 798 Relating to parental authorization for minors to create accounts on social media platforms, providin…
    91st GA · declared March 11, 2025 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 577 Relating to critical infrastructure sabotage, and making penalties applicable
    91st GA · declared March 11, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 879 Relating to critical infrastructure sabotage, and making penalties applicable
    91st GA · declared March 9, 2025 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • HF 864 Requiring persons who operate certain internet sites, applications, or a segment of an internet site…
    91st GA · declared March 9, 2025 · Signed by Governor
    Undecided
  • HF 551 Relating to the advertised and delivered speeds of broadband services provided by communication serv…
    91st GA · declared March 5, 2025 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • SF 443 Relating to certain commercial entities who publish or distribute obscene material on the internet, …
    91st GA · declared March 2, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HSB 206 Relating to critical infrastructure sabotage, and making penalties applicable
    91st GA · declared February 27, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SSB 1148 Relating to critical infrastructure sabotage, and making penalties applicable
    91st GA · declared February 27, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 503 Relating to consumer data protection, and including retroactive applicability provisions
    91st GA · declared February 23, 2025 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 235 Relating to the sales tax exemption for the purchase of central office equipment or transmission equ…
    91st GA · declared February 23, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SF 207 Relating to civil liability for certain commercial entities who publish or distribute obscene materi…
    91st GA · declared February 10, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HSB 126 Relating to the sales tax exemption for the purchase of central office equipment or transmission equ…
    91st GA · declared February 6, 2025 · Died when the session ended
    For
  • HSB 104 Relating to emergency telephone systems including next generation 911 systems and public safety answ…
    91st GA · declared February 6, 2025 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 143 Relating to consumer data protection, and including retroactive applicability provisions
    91st GA · declared February 2, 2025 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 62 Relating to obscene material available on devices and imposing civil liability on certain entities w…
    91st GA · declared January 28, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HSB 64 Relating to the use of an electronic device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode while driving, p…
    91st GA · declared January 27, 2025 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • SF 22 Relating to the use of an electronic device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode while driving, p…
    91st GA · declared January 27, 2025 · Signed by Governor
    Undecided
  • HSB 65 Relating to rate-regulated utilities, including telecommunications and electronic transmission servi…
    91st GA · declared January 25, 2025 · Renumbered as HF 304
    Undecided
  • HF 81 Relating to obscene materials involving minors, and providing penalties
    91st GA · declared January 23, 2025 · Renumbered as HF 826
    Undecided
  • HF 2635 Relating to the sales tax exemption for the purchase of central office equipment or transmission equ…
    90th GA · declared April 3, 2024 · Died when the session ended
    For
  • HF 2596 Relating to qualifications to bid on or submit a proposal for certain public contracts, and providin…
    90th GA · declared March 8, 2024 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 720 HSB 720
    90th GA · declared February 26, 2024 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2546 Relating to minors using the internet, including social media and internet safety instruction and ed…
    90th GA · declared February 18, 2024 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 681 HSB 681
    90th GA · declared February 18, 2024 · Renumbered as HF 2635
    For
  • HF 2279 Relating to public utilities, including energy production, public utility affiliates, and cable and …
    90th GA · declared February 18, 2024 · Signed by Governor
    Undecided
  • SF 2300 Relating to public utilities, including energy production, public utility affiliates, and cable and …
    90th GA · declared February 18, 2024 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HF 2359 Relating to the advertised and delivered speeds of broadband services provided by communication serv…
    90th GA · declared February 8, 2024 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2175 Extending the repeal date of the Iowa cell siting Act
    90th GA · declared February 5, 2024 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • SF 2183 Extending the repeal date of the Iowa cell siting Act
    90th GA · declared February 5, 2024 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 2114 Relating to minors using mobile devices, including protections for minors, civil liability, and prov…
    90th GA · declared February 2, 2024 · Renumbered as HF 2546
    Against
  • HSB 613 HSB 613
    90th GA · declared January 26, 2024 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • SSB 3106 SSB 3106
    90th GA · declared January 25, 2024 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • HSB 558 HSB 558
    90th GA · declared January 16, 2024 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SSB 3003 SSB 3003
    90th GA · declared January 15, 2024 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 346 Relating to consumer data protection, providing civil penalties, and including effective date provis…
    90th GA · declared March 20, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • SF 262 Relating to consumer data protection, providing civil penalties, and including effective date provis…
    90th GA · declared March 20, 2023 · Signed by Governor
    Undecided
  • SF 486 Relating to censorship of expression on online platforms, and providing penalties
    90th GA · declared March 8, 2023 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 495 Relating to affirmative defenses for entities using cybersecurity programs
    90th GA · declared March 8, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • SSB 1199 SSB 1199
    90th GA · declared March 8, 2023 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SSB 1189 SSB 1189
    90th GA · declared February 28, 2023 · Renumbered as SF 486
    Undecided
  • SSB 1158 SSB 1158
    90th GA · declared February 28, 2023 · Died when the session ended
    For
  • SF 388 Relating to conflicts between federal funding and the office of the chief information officer. Veto…
    90th GA · declared February 24, 2023 · Vetoed by Governor
    For
  • SSB 1124 SSB 1124
    90th GA · declared February 20, 2023 · Renumbered as SF 356
    Undecided
  • SSB 1161 SSB 1161
    90th GA · declared February 16, 2023 · Renumbered as SF 388
    For
  • HF 250 Relating to the application for a certificate of franchise authority applicable to the provision of …
    90th GA · declared February 10, 2023 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • SF 207 Relating to the use of an electronic device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode while driving, p…
    90th GA · declared February 7, 2023 · Renumbered as SF 547
    Undecided
  • SF 203 Relating to ransomware and providing penalties
    90th GA · declared February 6, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • SSB 1095 SSB 1095
    90th GA · declared February 6, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HSB 34 HSB 34
    90th GA · declared January 30, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SF 130 Relating to the application for a certificate of franchise authority applicable to the provision of …
    90th GA · declared January 30, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SSB 1071 SSB 1071
    90th GA · declared January 30, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HF 143 Relating to ransomware and providing penalties
    90th GA · declared January 27, 2023 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • HSB 12 HSB 12
    90th GA · declared January 25, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • SSB 1072 SSB 1072
    90th GA · declared January 24, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HSB 16 HSB 16
    90th GA · declared January 24, 2023 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 60 Relating to the use of an electronic device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode while driving, p…
    90th GA · declared January 23, 2023 · Renumbered as SF 207
    Undecided
  • SF 50 Relating to requirements for filters on mobile devices activated in the state, providing for civil l…
    90th GA · declared January 18, 2023 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SSB 1019 SSB 1019
    90th GA · declared January 17, 2023 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HF 2506 Relating to consumer data protection, providing civil penalties, and including effective date provis…
    89th GA · declared March 8, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2504 Relating to telecommunications service data overage charges occurring during specified natural disas…
    89th GA · declared February 23, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2460 Directing the office of the chief information officer and the Iowa economic development authority to…
    89th GA · declared February 23, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2459 Relating to the financing of the construction or repair of works or facilities used to provide telec…
    89th GA · declared February 23, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 2189 Relating to public utility access to public road rights-of-way
    89th GA · declared February 21, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    For
  • HF 2324 Establishing a satellite internet grant program
    89th GA · declared February 16, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2066 Relating to requirements for filters on mobile devices activated in the state, providing for civil l…
    89th GA · declared February 15, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2296 Relating to broadband infrastructure installation pursuant to a public road right-of-way or municipa…
    89th GA · declared February 14, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    For
  • HSB 674 HSB 674
    89th GA · declared February 14, 2022 · Renumbered as HF 2506
    Undecided
  • SF 2208 Relating to consumer data protection, making penalties applicable, and including effective date prov…
    89th GA · declared February 14, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 615 HSB 615
    89th GA · declared February 10, 2022 · Renumbered as HF 2520
    For
  • HF 2302 Relating to affirmative defenses for entities using cybersecurity programs
    89th GA · declared February 9, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 2082 Prohibiting negative option billing practices in subscription contracts and including applicability …
    89th GA · declared February 8, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • HSB 621 HSB 621
    89th GA · declared February 4, 2022 · Renumbered as HF 2459
    Undecided
  • SF 2141 Relating to the use of an electronic device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode while driving, p…
    89th GA · declared February 1, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2129 Relating to the use of an electronic device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode while driving, p…
    89th GA · declared January 27, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 555 HSB 555
    89th GA · declared January 25, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 556 HSB 556
    89th GA · declared January 25, 2022 · Renumbered as HF 2460
    Undecided
  • SF 2049 Relating to affirmative defenses for entities using cybersecurity programs and electronic transactio…
    89th GA · declared January 25, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 569 HSB 569
    89th GA · declared January 25, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SSB 3031 SSB 3031
    89th GA · declared January 25, 2022 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2035 Relating to public utility access to public road rights-of-way
    89th GA · declared January 18, 2022 · Renumbered as HF 2296
    For
  • HF 862 Relating to and making appropriations to state departments and agencies from the rebuild Iowa infras…
    89th GA · declared May 18, 2021 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • HF 653 Relating to the financing of the construction or repair of works or facilities used to provide telec…
    89th GA · declared March 11, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • SF 538 Relating to 911 emergency telephone service, including how funds deposited in a 911 service fund may…
    89th GA · declared March 9, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 693 Relating to matters under the purview of the utilities division of the department of commerce
    89th GA · declared March 8, 2021 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • SF 347 Relating to matters under the purview of the utilities division of the department of commerce
    89th GA · declared March 8, 2021 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 741 Relating to the location and marking of underground facilities and providing penalties
    89th GA · declared March 4, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 230 Relating to the child and dependent care and early childhood development tax credits, and including …
    89th GA · declared March 1, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    For
  • HF 302 Establishing a graduated eligibility phase-out program for state child care assistance
    89th GA · declared March 1, 2021 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • SSB 1208 SSB 1208
    89th GA · declared February 24, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 227 HSB 227
    89th GA · declared February 22, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • HF 586 Relating to the development and utilization of high-speed electronic transmission mediums
    89th GA · declared February 18, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 407 Relating to 911 emergency telephone service, including how funds deposited in a 911 service fund may…
    89th GA · declared February 18, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 249 Relating to 911 emergency telephone service, including how funds deposited in a 911 service fund may…
    89th GA · declared February 18, 2021 · Renumbered as SF 538
    Undecided
  • HF 563 Relating to the individual income tax credits for volunteer fire fighters, volunteer emergency medic…
    89th GA · declared February 17, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    For
  • HSB 207 HSB 207
    89th GA · declared February 16, 2021 · Renumbered as HF 741
    Undecided
  • SF 330 Relating to the use of an electronic device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode while driving, p…
    89th GA · declared February 16, 2021 · Renumbered as SF 2141
    Undecided
  • SSB 1184 SSB 1184
    89th GA · declared February 16, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 483 Relating to matters under the purview of the utilities division of the department of commerce
    89th GA · declared February 15, 2021 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 144 Relating to the individual income tax credits for volunteer fire fighters, volunteer emergency medic…
    89th GA · declared February 12, 2021 · Renumbered as HF 563
    For
  • HF 288 Relating to requirements for specific digital content-blocking capabilities on devices manufactured,…
    89th GA · declared February 10, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • HSB 137 HSB 137
    89th GA · declared February 8, 2021 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SSB 1128 SSB 1128
    89th GA · declared February 8, 2021 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SSB 1089 SSB 1089
    89th GA · declared February 2, 2021 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HF 74 Relating to hands-free operation of electronic communication devices while driving, and making penal…
    89th GA · declared January 22, 2021 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 75 Relating to the use of an electronic communication device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode wh…
    89th GA · declared January 22, 2021 · Renumbered as HF 392
    Undecided
  • HSB 53 HSB 53
    89th GA · declared January 22, 2021 · Renumbered as HF 586
    Undecided
  • SF 46 Relating to the use of an electronic communication device in a voice-activated or hands-free mode wh…
    89th GA · declared January 22, 2021 · Renumbered as SF 330
    Undecided
  • SF 2351 Relating to the removal of internet content upon request, and making penalties applicable
    88th GA · declared March 11, 2020 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2442 Directing the office of the chief information officer and the Iowa telecommunications and technology…
    88th GA · declared February 21, 2020 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2384 Relating to the future ready Iowa Act and other efforts to strengthen Iowa’s workforce, including a …
    88th GA · declared February 21, 2020 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 2459 Relating to broadband service, including matters under the purview of the office of the chief inform…
    88th GA · declared February 21, 2020 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SF 2262 Relating to broadband service, including matters under the purview of the office of the chief inform…
    88th GA · declared February 21, 2020 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SF 2313 Relating to the future ready Iowa Act and other efforts to strengthen Iowa’s workforce, including a …
    88th GA · declared February 21, 2020 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SF 2196 Extending the repeal date of the Iowa cell siting Act and including effective date provisions
    88th GA · declared February 17, 2020 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • HSB 588 HSB 588
    88th GA · declared February 10, 2020 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2213 Extending the repeal date of the Iowa cell siting Act and including effective date provisions
    88th GA · declared February 7, 2020 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SF 2073 Providing for an affirmative defense to certain claims relating to personal information security bre…
    88th GA · declared February 5, 2020 · Renumbered as SF 2252
    For
  • HF 2078 Relating to the use of an electronic communication device while driving, and making penalties applic…
    88th GA · declared February 3, 2020 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2113 Relating to prohibitions on the actions of an authority under the Iowa cell siting Act
    88th GA · declared February 3, 2020 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2114 Relating to the applicability of the Iowa cell siting Act to certain political subdivisions
    88th GA · declared February 3, 2020 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 2199 Relating to requirements for specific digital content-blocking capabilities on devices manufactured,…
    88th GA · declared February 3, 2020 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • SSB 3045 SSB 3045
    88th GA · declared February 3, 2020 · Renumbered as SF 2248
    Undecided
  • SSB 3077 SSB 3077
    88th GA · declared February 3, 2020 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 2023 Exempting from the computation of the individual and corporate state income taxes broadband grants r…
    88th GA · declared February 2, 2020 · Withdrawn
    For
  • SSB 3012 SSB 3012
    88th GA · declared January 21, 2020 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HF 772 Creating an empower rural Iowa Act to provide incentives for broadband and workforce housing, and in…
    88th GA · declared April 22, 2019 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • SF 625 Creating an empower rural Iowa Act to provide incentives for broadband access
    88th GA · declared April 22, 2019 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • HSB 257 HSB 257
    88th GA · declared April 18, 2019 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SF 612 Relating to matters under the purview of the utilities division of the department of commerce, and m…
    88th GA · declared April 8, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • SF 560 Related to installations of certain wireless telecommunications infrastructure in the state, and inc…
    88th GA · declared March 15, 2019 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SF 509 Relating to matters under the purview of the utilities division of the department of commerce, and m…
    88th GA · declared March 10, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 487 Related to installations of certain wireless telecommunications infrastructure in the state, and inc…
    88th GA · declared March 6, 2019 · Signed by Governor
    For
  • HF 537 Relating to the imposition of certain fees on public utilities for the use of public rights-of-way. …
    88th GA · declared March 3, 2019 · Signed by Governor
    Undecided
  • SF 401 Relating to the imposition of certain fees on public utilities for the use of public rights-of-way
    88th GA · declared March 3, 2019 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • SSB 1206 SSB 1206
    88th GA · declared March 3, 2019 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • SSB 1195 SSB 1195
    88th GA · declared March 1, 2019 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SSB 1196 SSB 1196
    88th GA · declared February 28, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • HSB 182 HSB 182
    88th GA · declared February 20, 2019 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • SSB 1174 SSB 1174
    88th GA · declared February 20, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 355 Relating to matters under the purview of the utilities division of the department of commerce, and m…
    88th GA · declared February 15, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 155 HSB 155
    88th GA · declared February 15, 2019 · Became law (new number)
    For
  • SSB 1152 SSB 1152
    88th GA · declared February 15, 2019 · Became law (new number)
    Undecided
  • HF 313 Relating to requirements for specific digital content blocking capabilities on products manufactured…
    88th GA · declared February 12, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Against
  • SF 204 Providing for an affirmative defense to certain claims relating to personal information security bre…
    88th GA · declared February 11, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HSB 107 HSB 107
    88th GA · declared February 6, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 222 Relating to hands-free operation of electronic communication devices while driving, and making penal…
    88th GA · declared February 5, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Undecided
  • HF 174 Providing for internet neutrality, and making penalties applicable
    88th GA · declared February 4, 2019 · Died when the session ended
    Against